...pmap.¹

The IA-32 architecture has hardware mechanisms that walk in-memory page tables and reload the TLB [13].

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... time.²

ESX Server zeroes the contents of newly-allocated machine pages to avoid leaking information between VMs. Allocation also respects cache coloring by the guest OS; when possible, distinct PPN colors are mapped to distinct MPN colors.

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... small³

Assuming page contents are randomly mapped to 64-bit hash values, the probability of a single collision doesn't exceed 50% until approximately $\sqrt{2^{64}} = 2^{32}$ distinct pages are hashed [14]. For a static snapshot of the largest possible IA-32 memory configuration with $2^{24}$ pages (64 GB), the collision probability is less than 0.01%.

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... resources.⁴

Shares are alternatively referred to as tickets or weights in the literature. The term clients is used to abstractly refer to entities such as threads, processes, VMs, users, or groups.

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... swapping.⁵

The configured tax rate applies uniformly to all VMs. While the underlying implementation supports separate, per-VM tax rates, this capability is not currently exposed to users. Customized or graduated tax rates may be useful for more sophisticated control over relative allocations and responsiveness.

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... VMs.⁶

Some memory is required for per-VM virtualization overheads, which are discussed in Section 6.2. Additional memory is required for ESX Server itself; the smallest recommended configuration is 512 MB.

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... disk.⁷

This is the peak amount of memory paged to disk over the entire run. To avoid clutter, paging metrics were omitted from the graphs; the amount of data swapped to disk was less than 20 MB for the remainder of the experiment.

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